Melting Point Determination Essay

Identifying an inglorious intricate atomic number 50 be a difficult task. In identifying a manifold, researchers often measure several physical properties resolve point, change state point, density and observes a few chemic properties reactivity, acidity, basicity of the multiform. The reason for determining several chemical and physical properties of the conglomerate is that it is quite likely for two different increases to have a few physical and or chemical properties in common but it is highly unlikely for the two compounds to have very many homogeneous physical and chemical properties (Gilber & Martin, 2010).The goal of this experiment is to determine the identity of the unknown using the liquescent-point technique. If the entire compound in the hear given by your instructor had distinctly different thaw points, it would be affirmable to determine the identity of the unknown by just taking its break up point. However, each of the compounds in this list has a dissolve point that is close to the break up point of an early(a) compound in the list. Therefore, the liquescent point of the unknown will allow you to break down the choices to two compounds (Pavia, Lampman, & Kriza, 2013).To determine the identity of you compound, you essential(prenominal) perform mix melting points of your unknown and each of the two compounds with similar melting points. A mixture melting point that is depressed and has a wide range indicates that the two compounds in the mixture ar different. It should be pointed out, however, that it is non possible to accurately predict the physical properties of newly synthesized or isolated compounds.Therefore, tables of physical properties atomic number 18 only useful in identifying previously known compounds. However, useful information as to the compounds identity and its purity can often be obtained from its melting point. Although the melting point can be employ to help identify an unknown by comparing its me lting point to publications values, it must be appargonnt that in that location are literally hundreds if not thousands of compounds that share the aforementioned(prenominal) melting point. To solve this dilemma the identity of a compound can be confirm using mix melting point method.If you prepare a mixture of you unknown chemical and the one you suspect it whitethorn be and measure the melting point of the mixture then there are two possible final results The melting point of the mixture is the same as the arrant(a) compound which means that the unknown compound and the known compound are the same. The melting point of the mixture is lower than either of the two pure components and the melting range is large. This is because the two compounds are different with the result that one is an impurity in the other (Dean, Jones, Holmes, & Reed, 2011).Determination of the temperature at which the significant and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium is succession consumi ng. It is besides quite difficult with a vitiated amount of ingest. Thus, in practice, most melting points are determined as capillary melting points, which can be done quickly with a small amount of sample in a capillary tube (Bettelheim & Frederick, 2004). Melting point analysis is a quick, relatively easy, and inexpensive preliminary analysis if the sample is already mostly pure and has a venture identity. Additionally, analysis requires small samples only.As with any analysis, there are certain drawbacks to melting point analysis. If the sample is not solid, melting point analysis cannot be done. Also, analysis is destructive of the sample. For qualitative identification analysis, there are now more than specific and accurate analyses that exist, although they are typically much more expensive. Also, samples with more than one solute cannot be analyzed quantitatively for purity (Molavi & Barron, 2011)MethodologyFinding an Identical Compound two melting-point capillaries wer e filled with small amounts of your sample. One was used to determine an approximate melting point range for your unknown by allowing the temperature to rise at about 6oC per minute. Then the melting point apparatus was cooled to at to the lowest degree 5oC below the temperature at which melting began.A slow, careful determination of the melting point range was do on the second sample by allowing the temperature to rise at a rate of approximately 2oC per minute. It is significant that the melting point was measured carefully because finding another assimilator in the lab with the homogeneous compound depends on it.The melting point range was recorded in the laboratory notebook and also on the data sheet provided by the instructor along with the scholar number. From the data sheet, another scholarly person in the lab was located whose unknown has a melting point range that is within 4oC. A small amount of the students compound was used to prepare a sample for a merge melting point. The error range of 4oC was accounted for experimental error and the fact that the thermometers are not gradatory thus the ranges from different instruments may vary slightly.To prepare the combine melting point sample, one luck of the unknown given was used to one part of the other students compound. The sample was mixed thoroughly by gently crushing the mixture with a glass stirring rod until it looks homogeneous. The melting point range was determined and the result was recorded in the laboratory notebook.Search was continued until you place a student in the lab with a compound identical to yours and a second student in the lab with an unknown with approximately the same melting point range, but whose compound is not the same as yours.Results and DiscussionTable 1 Mixed Melting Point Unknowns Unknown organise Melting Point Range (oC) Benzoic pane pic 121-123 DL-malic Acid pic 131-133 Urea pic 132-135 Trans-cinnamic Acid pic 131-136 Succinic Acid pic 184 Table 1 shows the given unknowns to be identified in this experiment. The melting point range in the table was the basis of the researchers in identifying their given unknowns. Some chemical compounds given from the manual was omitted to limit the context of the experiment. Other books give different melting point range on the compounds in the table. This is because temperature also varies in the fact that the thermometers are not calibrated.The unknown pure compound has a white powdery solid feature. Melting point range determination is only applicable for solid compounds. Two trials were conducted to observe the melting point of the pure compound. For the first trial, it was observed that the compound starts to melt at exactly 135oC and the solid in the capillary tube was completely dissolved at 137oC.The solid melts instantaneously because the temperature of the cooking oil used arises rapidly compared when using water as a boiling bath. The second trial was conducted to confirm if t he result for trial one is precise and the finding for the melting point also ranges from 135-137oC. From the data collected, it was predicted that the unknown dexterity be urea or trans-cinnamic acid. Since both urea and trans-cinnamic acid have exactly the same melting point, it is difficult to determine which one is the given compound.The pure compound (Unknown A) was mixed to the compound (Unknown B) of one student with melting-point range of 134-136oC. Both unknown have the same physical feature which fell into conclusion that the two solids are same compounds. However, the temperature of the mixed compounds decreased by 80-84oC. Possible reason for this outcome is contamination of the mixed compound by the stirring rod used in mixing.Trial two was conducted for the mix-melting point determination. another(prenominal) student whose compound (Unknown C) has a melting point that ranges from 131-134oC was mixed with Unknown A. Both unknowns have the same physical feature with Unk nown B. The unknowns were mixed thoroughly with a clean stirring rod. The mixed compound starts to dissolve at exactly 134oC and solid in the capillary tube was completely dissolved at a temperature of 136oC.It is strong evidence that the two substances are the same. According to Mayo, Pike, and Forbes (2011), the crystalline lattice forces holding entire solids together are distributed over a relatively narrow energy range. The melting points of organic compounds, therefore, are usually relatively sharp, that is, less than 2oC. The range and maximum temperature of the melting point, however, are very sensitive to impurities. teeny-weeny amounts of sample contamination by soluble impurities nearly always will result in meting-point depression. The purge in melting point is usually accompanied by an expansion of the melting-point range.Thus, in addition to the melting point acting as a useful guide in identification, it also can be a particularly effective indication of sample pur ity. The effectiveness of this technique depends on the relative solvability of the substances in each other. The usefulness of mixed melting points is limited in that you must have both(prenominal) idea of the chemical nature of your unknowncompound and a sample of the suspected compound must be available.The researcher used melting points to determine the purity of organic compounds. Pure compounds were seen to have a narrow melting range, while impurities were seen to cause the melting range to become lower and broader. From the mixture melting points the researcher definitively able to identify the unknown as trans-cinnamic acid.5. ReferencesAldrich, S. (n.d). Retrieved July14, 2013, from LLC, Sigma-Aldrich Co, http//www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/ product/aldrich/w228826?l ang=enion=PHBettelheim, Frederick, A., Landenberg, & Joseph M. (2004). ingrained and Biochemistry (5th ed.). USA A Division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Pages 17-20Dean, J., Jones, M., Holmes, D., & Reed, R. (201 1). Practical Skills in Chemistry (11th ed.). England Pearson Education Limimited.Gilbert, J. & Martin S. (2010). Experimental Organic Chemistry A Miniscale and Microscale apostrophize A Miniscale and Microscale Approach (5th ed.). USA Cengage LearningMayo, D., Pike, R., & Forbes, D. (2011). Microscale Organic Laboratory with multistep and multiscale implication (5th ed.). United States John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Molavi, S., & Barron, A. (2012, May 29). Melting Point Analysis. Retrieved from the Connexions Web site http//cnx.org/content/m43565/1.1/Pavia, D., Lampman, G., Kriz, G., and Engel, R. (2013). A Microscal Approach to Organic Laboratory Techniques (5th ed.). USA Cencage Learning.